tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83496212079874881392024-03-13T12:34:01.629-07:00e-BERTONIAlgunas reflexiones sobre derechos humanos que investigo y estudio desde hace tiempoEduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.comBlogger173125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-74730859754097463062024-01-22T05:47:00.000-08:002024-01-22T05:47:40.015-08:00<p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Publicado originalmente en El Universal, Mexico el 22 de enero de 2024 https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/eduardo-bertoni/tecnologias-y-derechos-humanos/</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b00fe; font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Tecnologías y Derechos Humanos</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Hace un tiempo relataba ante colegas que las razones personales que causaban mi atracción por el estudio de ciertas tecnologías y cómo ellas podían impactar en nuestra vida cotidiana tal vez se debía por mi fascinación en una serie infantil de finales de los años 60 que conocimos como “Joe 90”. La serie mostraba una enorme máquina que permitía a Joe, un niño, incorporar rápidamente los conocimientos que necesitaba para realizar distintas misiones como espía. Si hacía falta que manejara un jet, en pocos minutos y conectado con electrodos en su cabeza, obtenía los conocimientos que se le transferían de un piloto avezado. Esa serie me impactó porque quería esa máquina para saberlo todo y rápidamente. Esa posibilidad tecnológica empieza a dejar de ser un cuento de ciencia ficción. Sin embargo, ello no significa derechamente que nos encontramos desprotegidos jurídicamente a cualquier abuso que las tecnologías puedan causarnos. En otras palabras, no hace falta “crear” nuevos derechos sino conocer y aplicar los que ya tenemos.</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Una reciente sentencia de la Corte Suprema de Chile (Girardi v/s Emotiv), demuestra que estamos frente a una realidad. Guido Girardi Lavín, un exsenador Chileno, interpuso una acción constitucional de protección de derechos fundamentales en contra de la empresa Emotiv Inc., en razón de la venta y comercialización en Chile del dispositivo “Insight”. En la sentencia se puede leer que Insight consiste en un dispositivo inalámbrico que funciona como una vincha con sensores que recaban información sobre la actividad eléctrica del cerebro, obteniendo datos sobre gestos, movimientos, preferencias, tiempos de reacción y actividad cognitiva de quien lo usa.</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Es justamente lo que decide la Corte en ese caso lo que habilita a mi segunda afirmación inicial en cuanto a que sí tenemos derechos que nos protegen del uso de estas tecnologías.</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Además de la cita al derecho chileno, la decisión haciendo lugar al pedido del señor Girardi, se funda afirmando específicamente que “existen diversos instrumentos internacionales que reconocen la relación entre ciencia y Derechos Humanos.” Y entre esos instrumentos señala el Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales, la Declaración sobre la Ciencia y el Uso del Saber Científico y Programa en Pro de la Ciencia de la UNESCO, la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, la Declaración Universal sobre el Genoma Humano y los Derechos Humanos, y la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos también de la UNESCO.</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Citados esos documentos, parecería errado afirmar que necesitamos crear nuevos derechos como impulsan algunos sectores bajo el nombre de “neuroderechos”, insinuando que incluso habría que ampliar el catálogo de derechos humanos porque no estarían protegidos. Aún más: pregonar que nuestros derechos humanos no están protegidos frente a las tecnologías que intervienen sobre nosotros como seres humanos, puede ser la razón de lo que está impulsando a un patrón de reformas legislativas, como en Mexico, Chile o Brasil, que dudosamente sean necesarias y que pueden contribuir a desdibujar y deslegitimar la protección que brindan los actuales estándares de derechos humanos.</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Es posible sostener, en cambio, que los derechos humanos que impactan las tecnologías que trabajan sobre la actividad neuronal pueden estar vinculados con, por ejemplo, el derecho a la privacidad de la información producida por la actividad cerebral, a la cual es posible acceder a través de ciertas tecnologías. También se relacionan con el derecho a la identidad personal y la autodeterminación dado que la tecnología puede abrir la posibilidad para anular o alterar la identidad de las personas. Asimismo, se vinculan con el derecho a la igualdad frente al aumento de capacidad cerebral dado que algunos podrán acceder a estas tecnologías y otros no. Y, finalmente, y con el seguro riesgo de dejar otros derechos humanos involucrados, se vinculan también con el derecho a formar y mantener una opinión propia. Sobre esto último, es importante recordar lo que establece el art. 19.1 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos, tratado de derechos humanos de obligatorio cumplimiento para todos los que lo han firmado: “Nadie podrá ser molestado a causa de sus opiniones.”</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Incluso en marzo de 2023, el Comité Jurídico Interamericano -CJI- aprobó una “Declaración de Principios interamericanos en materia de Neurociencias, Neurotecnologías y Derechos Humanos”. Es claro que para este órgano de la Organización de los Estados Americanos -OEA- hay protección al uso de los “datos neuronales” cuando sin titubeos afirma en el principio 3 que esos datos son “datos personales”. En otras palabras, toda la normativa que protege y regula el tratamiento de datos personales, debería aplicarse también a lo que llama datos neuronales.</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Asimismo es necesario advertir que en estos ámbitos debe avanzarse con cuidado: no es lo mismo regular las tecnologías invasivas, de las que no lo son. Otro ejemplo sobre particularidades a tener en cuenta: tampoco es lo mismo regular la tecnología que eventualmente permite recoger actividad neuronal de aquélla que eventualmente pueda modificarla. Y, finalmente, tampoco es lo mismo desde la mirada regulatoria, la regulación de tecnologías que puedan recoger o modificar actividad neuronal en el sistema nervioso central o en el sistema periférico.</span></p><p class="sc__font-paragraph" itemprop="description" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(59,130,246,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(229, 231, 235); box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; width: 574px; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Para terminar, y volviendo al comienzo con el relato de mi experiencia personal de cuando era un niño: la máquina que utilizaba Joe en la serie de hace cincuenta años hoy ya es parte de la realidad. En buena hora y oportuna la Sentencia de la Corte Suprema de Chile y los documentos que provienen del CJI que nos permiten concluir, como decía al comienzo, que no hacen falta “crear” nuevos derechos sino conocer y aplicar los que ya tenemos.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-77045699268321006682023-06-02T13:01:00.005-07:002023-06-02T13:01:45.734-07:00Derechos Humanos y Metaverso<p>Publicado en el diario La Nación de Costa Rica el 1 de junio de 2023</p><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGH2R4NvvyFBDNEophZHmwIJWIgnoZOM4r5eT4WksGRta9MD5aMHTKizprbSSYHmNIYff1cGZdN8dQJYIqwTVya8cQJa11vNEG2eI_0o3JjdnBlQKTP0Vw3hFCOrr-tjBTsLJ2Mee9Cv7wq1daMYe4qfjCjrg46B4OHMymSs5ezfNeL3ijfgi7-Ybo/s1317/Nota%20a%20Bertoni.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1317" data-original-width="927" height="929" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGH2R4NvvyFBDNEophZHmwIJWIgnoZOM4r5eT4WksGRta9MD5aMHTKizprbSSYHmNIYff1cGZdN8dQJYIqwTVya8cQJa11vNEG2eI_0o3JjdnBlQKTP0Vw3hFCOrr-tjBTsLJ2Mee9Cv7wq1daMYe4qfjCjrg46B4OHMymSs5ezfNeL3ijfgi7-Ybo/w653-h929/Nota%20a%20Bertoni.png" width="653" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-72991642930379550512023-03-22T14:04:00.005-07:002023-03-22T14:04:46.186-07:00Parque Viva: bienvenido un nuevo ‘manual’ sobre la libertad de expresión<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSEKl6WqhsVvxL5W5zOosA5F8Z-IOiTkrbg_2dz3Y6UwLg3ZE1wDPbBlmAnzr-Hm9RrJT-feYuMKowh604dAoaSKcuPgquffqxdNXRHA63BlKkj87jUKtnLEgzz-QWXN1mP2qaCs-yTWmfVOt3_CgVtgs_K1DuYT0e6fubf8qNR4SsNiH3l9P3cyoy/s1024/WhatsApp%20Image%202023-03-22%20at%209.17.18%20AM.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="758" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSEKl6WqhsVvxL5W5zOosA5F8Z-IOiTkrbg_2dz3Y6UwLg3ZE1wDPbBlmAnzr-Hm9RrJT-feYuMKowh604dAoaSKcuPgquffqxdNXRHA63BlKkj87jUKtnLEgzz-QWXN1mP2qaCs-yTWmfVOt3_CgVtgs_K1DuYT0e6fubf8qNR4SsNiH3l9P3cyoy/w475-h640/WhatsApp%20Image%202023-03-22%20at%209.17.18%20AM.jpeg" width="475" /></a></div><br /> Disponible en https://www.nacion.com/opinion/columnistas/parque-viva-bienvenido-un-nuevo-manual-sobre-la/I7PKJZSY7RES5F3MMODYLXWX2E/story/<p></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-85727766416050410722022-08-31T11:49:00.002-07:002022-08-31T11:53:12.934-07:00The pen and the camera are not enemies; neither are the uniforms<p> AVAILABLE AT <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381389_eng&source=gmail&ust=1662044801098000&usg=AOvVaw3lNxOQllyM7BWIbPyIKZNZ" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381389_eng" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; widows: 2;" target="_blank">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/<wbr></wbr>ark:/48223/pf0000381389_eng</a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVeEF7BsM7dLW50cvRbNNqGHmNTnjoc3i-GghUSHoaM1XcRfbxPIjordsEYrv8o3P8uxRBJMc0PNGMinJgqijWIVsJyZ6oP0oHBz-uEA8bSd_FxtgTu2DSt1nOzgG4pfL-MCM3dYLd_X9fH1DuYYU9fs0WtMBG9ylcwI5Q0c1e8r9Hz3pf1CoCuEMW/s839/COVER.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="839" data-original-width="591" height="926" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVeEF7BsM7dLW50cvRbNNqGHmNTnjoc3i-GghUSHoaM1XcRfbxPIjordsEYrv8o3P8uxRBJMc0PNGMinJgqijWIVsJyZ6oP0oHBz-uEA8bSd_FxtgTu2DSt1nOzgG4pfL-MCM3dYLd_X9fH1DuYYU9fs0WtMBG9ylcwI5Q0c1e8r9Hz3pf1CoCuEMW/w651-h926/COVER.jpg" width="651" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-83504083423188605922022-08-29T06:12:00.006-07:002022-08-29T06:12:29.229-07:00Nota a la Agencia de Acceso a la Información Pública en Argentina sobre reforma a la ley de protección de datos personales<p> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Montevideo, 16 de agosto de 2022</span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Mg. Beatriz Anchorena<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Directora de la Agencia de Acceso a la Información Pública<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">S./D.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">De mi mayor consideración,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Tengo el agrado de dirigirme a Usted a fin de agradecer su cordial invitación para participar en el espacio de diálogo convocado desde la Agencia de Acceso a la Información Pública -AAIP-vinculado a la elaboración de un proyecto de reforma a la actual ley de protección de datos personales de la República Argentina.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Durante mi gestión como titular de la Agencia que ahora Usted dirige, iniciamos un proceso similar que duró varios meses y que luego de consultas abiertas a distintos actores interesados en la materia, terminó con un proyecto de ley que entiendo es parte del material de referencia para el actual proceso iniciado por la AAIP. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">A poco más de dos años de que aquél proyecto perdiera estado parlamentario, sigo considerando fundamental que la República Argentina cuente con una ley que siga los lineamientos que los cambios tecnológicos y normativos a nivel internacional se han producido en los últimos años. En ese sentido felicito a la Sra. Directora por continuar impulsando la actualización de la normativa.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Sin perjuicio de mi participación en la sesión virtual a la que he sido invitado, me permito hacerle llegar algunas observaciones generales que podrán ser ampliadas a su requerimiento y en caso de considerarlo necesario. Debido a mi involucramiento temporalmente cercano en un proceso similar, Usted podrá advertir que mis sugerencias y observaciones expresadas en esta nota están muy relacionadas con el proyecto de ley que mencionara más arriba. Por razones de brevedad sólo incluiré las sugerencias que entiendo son más relevantes, aunque otras incorporaciones de aquél proyecto son también parte de lo que creo debería tenerse en cuenta. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">El proyecto de ley debería seguir </span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">los lineamientos más modernos en materia de protección de datos. Entiendo que en la actualidad el eje principal de una normativa como la que se está trabajando debe ser la protección del sujeto -el titular de los datos- antes que el lugar donde esos datos se encuentran -las bases de datos-. Ello sería un cambio importante respecto de la actual ley en Argentina. Es por ello que sugiero que la obligación de registro de bases de datos tal como dispone la legislación vigente sea dejada de lado pasando a la incorporación del principio de responsabilidad demostrada, contemplando la obligación del responsable/encargado del tratamiento de adoptar las medidas necesarias a fin de cumplir con la ley y que le permitan demostrar a la autoridad de control su efectiva implementación. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Una cuestión que considero fundamental es aclarar cuando se aplicará la ley argentina, sugiriendo que ello ocurra también en supuestos donde el responsable de tratar los datos no se encuentre en el territorio. Podrían incluirse los casos de aplicación extraterritorial cuando las actividades del tratamiento se encuentren relacionadas con la oferta de bienes o servicios a titulares de los datos en la Argentina, o con el seguimiento de sus actos, comportamientos o intereses; excepto cuando la ley del lugar donde se encuentra el responsable del tratamiento sea más favorable para la protección del titular de los datos.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Otro tema general que considero relevante es establecer que la aplicación de la ley no podrá afectar al tratamiento de datos que realicen los medios de comunicación en el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión. Específicamente, en relación al derecho de supresión, es importante a mi criterio aclarar que este derecho no procederá cuando el tratamiento de datos persiga un fin público o sea necesario para ejercer el derecho a la libertad de expresión e información.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">En la ley vigente los distintos supuestos de tratamiento lícito de datos personales se encuentran redactados como excepciones al principio general, que es el consentimiento. Mi sugerencia es cambiar esa aproximación, clarificando las razones que justifican el tratamiento de datos personales al incorporar distintos supuestos como bases legales que permiten el tratamiento de los datos antes que exponerlas como excepciones al consentimiento. Ejemplos de esas bases legales que no requieren consentimiento están mencionados en el proyecto de 2018, pero sugiero prestar particular atención a dos: a) cuando el tratamiento de datos resulte necesario para salvaguardar el interés vital del titular de los datos o de terceros, siempre que sobre dichos intereses no prevalezcan los intereses o los derechos del titular de los datos, y el titular de los datos esté física o jurídicamente incapacitado para dar su consentimiento; b) cuando el tratamiento de datos sea necesario para la satisfacción de intereses legítimos perseguidos por el responsable del tratamiento o por un tercero, siempre que sobre dichos intereses no prevalezcan los intereses o los derechos del titular de los datos, en particular cuando el titular sea un niño, niña o adolescente.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">En relación con las bases legales para realizar transferencias internacionales, que actualmente se encuentran dispersas entre la Ley N° 25.326, su Decreto Reglamentario y la Disposición Nº 60 – E/2016 (consentimiento del titular del datos, mecanismos de autorregulación vinculante y cláusulas contractuales que contengan mecanismos de protección de datos acordes con las disposiciones de la ley), sugiero que el proyecto clarifique la cuestión incorporando las interpretaciones que ya se han hecho en la AAIP -incluso lo relacionado con normas corporativas vinculantes- y que considero están acordes con los estándares internacionales.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Sin perjuicio que es importante ampliar las bases legales de tratamiento de datos personales y que no se establezca únicamente al consentimiento y luego las excepciones tal como parece inferirse de la normativa actual, sugiero también flexibilizar las normas relacionadas al otorgamiento del consentimiento, con el fin de estar más acorde a la era digital. En ese sentido podría considerarse que la forma de otorgar el consentimiento dependerá de las circunstancias, el tipo de dato personal y las expectativas razonables del titular de los datos.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Si bien creo que cualquier proyecto en esta materia debe mantener una neutralidad tecnológica, esto es, no hacer especial referencia a ninguna tecnología que hoy podría ser la más común pero que en poco tiempo puede quedar en desuso, sugiero que un tema al que debe prestarse atención es a los servicios de tratamiento de datos personales por medios tecnológicos tercerizados.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Puede establecerse que el responsable del tratamiento en esos casos debe realizar esfuerzos razonables para elegir un proveedor de servicios que garantice el cumplimiento de la ley, y que el responsable del tratamiento responderá ante el titular de los datos y ante la autoridad de control por incumplimientos del proveedor. Incluso, puede considerarse que el derecho de acceso implica, en contextos de decisiones basadas en tratamiento automatizado, que los titulares de los datos que hayan sido objeto de decisiones basadas en este tipo de tratamiento tengan el derecho a conocer sobre la lógica aplicada en la decisión, sin que ello afecte derechos intelectuales del responsable del tratamiento.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Finalmente, otros temas que he entiendo son relevantes para el proceso de elaboración de un proyecto de ley son:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 16.866666793823242px; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Incorporar parámetros especiales para el tratamiento de datos de niñas, niños y adolescentes, resaltando la importancia que para ello tiene el respeto a la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Inclusión de la obligación de notificar incidentes de seguridad. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Incorporar nuevos derechos: el derecho a oponerse a ser objeto de una decisión basada únicamente en el tratamiento automatizado de datos y el derecho a la portabilidad de los datos personales.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Incorporar el principio de protección de datos desde el diseño y por defecto.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Incluir la obligación de realizar una evaluación de impacto cuando el responsable del tratamiento prevea realizar algún tipo de tratamiento de datos que por su naturaleza, alcance, contexto o finalidades, sea probable que entrañe un alto riesgo de afectación a los derechos de los titulares de los datos amparados en la ley.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Crear la figura del delegado de protección de datos cuya designación podría ser obligatoria para algunos casos específicamente definidos en la ley: tratamiento de datos por parte de autoridades u organismos públicos, tratamiento de datos sensibles como parte de la actividad principal del responsable o encargado del tratamiento, y tratamiento de datos a gran escala.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Incluir la posibilidad de la autoridad de control de iniciar trámites de verificación de oficio.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Incluir la posibilidad de que la acción de habeas data sea iniciada en representación colectiva por la autoridad de control, siempre que su objeto se limite a la impugnación de tratamientos que conlleven violaciones generalizadas.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Aumentar el monto máximo de las multas y prever un mecanismo de actualización.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Incluir en el proyecto que</span><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"> la Agencia de Acceso a la Información Pública (AAIP), conforme los términos del artículo 19 de la Ley Nº 27.275, sustituido por el artículo 11 del Decreto Nº 746/17, es la autoridad de control de la ley de protección de datos personales, siendo la AAIP un ente autárquico con autonomía funcional en el ámbito de la Jefatura de Gabinete de Ministros.</span><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Quedo atento para ampliar o aclarar cualquiera de las sugerencias aquí expuestas.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-TRAD" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Saludo atentamente,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 28pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Eduardo Bertoni</span></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-14917246903718435862022-05-09T08:06:00.009-07:002022-05-09T08:12:00.570-07:00Journalism and Whistleblowing@ https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381406
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkC0lpuWS819hvNNmgycy-BnJPr1fAlxB21IjLaL77aUk2i48Xw9unlGafVyGuuwPbk2A_q3BwVaMPrHUHekDvmk5kUuOq3b-lXw2xPUfY36hVLkEmjJqZ2dwytggknDfDAJz5MfImmYRODAh8zGFK6q8i9dYlCLT1VLJ8nuWJlaGPB8TaH6F6mZXm/s256/image.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" height="400" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkC0lpuWS819hvNNmgycy-BnJPr1fAlxB21IjLaL77aUk2i48Xw9unlGafVyGuuwPbk2A_q3BwVaMPrHUHekDvmk5kUuOq3b-lXw2xPUfY36hVLkEmjJqZ2dwytggknDfDAJz5MfImmYRODAh8zGFK6q8i9dYlCLT1VLJ8nuWJlaGPB8TaH6F6mZXm/s400/image.png"/></a></div>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-30512602390019513332022-05-09T08:03:00.001-07:002022-05-09T08:07:04.462-07:00La lapicera y la cámara no son enemigos; los uniformes tampoco<p> @ https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381389</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4N68zq9RbTsx_s5a5t4SM9eHFWNwzN2PjMQen_WrgRne02gPZi9Rlx9tYngmoO5gotuhW9bshciBcovnRh3YYc-jgLe0_j5osD3D15YSa7u-Sq58Uz0XdXEGz5NfLlC1drP3S4le6MIIVj0RKCzGBfRw_v4Fhgdu83BspBVHqURgfIxSgT7MIjh-F/s2048/WhatsApp%20Image%202022-05-02%20at%2010.55.07%20AM.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1152" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4N68zq9RbTsx_s5a5t4SM9eHFWNwzN2PjMQen_WrgRne02gPZi9Rlx9tYngmoO5gotuhW9bshciBcovnRh3YYc-jgLe0_j5osD3D15YSa7u-Sq58Uz0XdXEGz5NfLlC1drP3S4le6MIIVj0RKCzGBfRw_v4Fhgdu83BspBVHqURgfIxSgT7MIjh-F/w277-h492/WhatsApp%20Image%202022-05-02%20at%2010.55.07%20AM.jpeg" width="277" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-75994654129582865012022-03-14T14:54:00.001-07:002022-03-14T14:54:27.298-07:00Guerra y Periodismo<p><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nota originalmente publicada en El Pais, Uruguay el 13 de marzo de 2022 </span></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Lamentablemente la humanidad se enfrenta a una guerra cuyas consecuencias no podemos predecir. Al decir de Thomas Friedman, lo novedoso es que esta vez nos enteramos de muchas de las atrocidades del conflicto sin filtro y gracias a las redes sociales y al acceso a Internet. Sin embargo, ello no debe menospreciar el trabajo del periodismo de guerra para cubrir los acontecimientos allí donde suceden.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Miles de periodistas se han trasladado, con valentía, al lugar donde los misiles y las balas les pasan demasiado cerca. Una de las tareas que más valoramos es, aún en esas condiciones, el levantamiento de testimonios de quienes intervienen, de una lado y del otro tanto como víctimas como victimarios.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Muchos de esos testimonios, a no dudarlo, son posibles porque el periodismo se transforma en la única fuente confiable para denunciar violaciones a los derechos humanos o al derecho internacional humanitario. Pero esa confianza se destruiría a la velocidad del rayo si los periodistas estuvieran obligados a dar las fuentes de información de lo que publican.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Sobre esta cuestión, hace 20 años, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Ex Yugoslavia, en la apelación de una decisión por la que se había decidido citar a un periodista corresponsal de guerra con el objeto de testificar por un artículo que había publicado.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Jonathan Randall se desempeñaba como corresponsal del Washington Post en Yugoslavia. El 11 de febrero de 1993, el Washington Post publicó un artículo de Randall que contenía declaraciones atribuidas a Radislav Brdjanin, un de los acusado por crímenes contra la humanidad y violaciones graves de las Convenciones de Ginebra de 1949 que involucraban la deportación, traslado forzoso y apropiación de bienes durante el conflicto armado en la Ex-Yugoslavia. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">El artículo mencionaba que Brdjanin había afirmado que las autoridades serbias prestaron “demasiada atención a los derechos humanos” en un esfuerzo por complacer a los gobiernos europeos y que “[n]o tenemos que demostrarle nada más a Europa. Vamos a defender nuestras fronteras a toda costa. . . y donde sea que estén nuestras botas militares, esa es la situación”. Además, el artículo sostenía que Brdjanin dijo que estaba preparando leyes para expulsar a los no serbios de las viviendas del gobierno para dar cabida a los serbios. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Randall, que no hablaba serbocroata, realizó la entrevista con la ayuda de otro periodista, que sí habla serbocroata.</span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Durante el juicio a Brdjanin, la fiscalía solicitó que se admitiera el articulo publicado en el diario como prueba, alegando que era relevante para establecer que la intencionalidad del acusado por los delitos imputados. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">La defensa se opuso por varios motivos, incluido que las declaraciones atribuidas a Brdjanin no se publicaron con precisión. La defensa consideró que, si se admitiera el artículo, buscarían interrogar Randall para cuestionar la exactitud de las citas mencionadas anteriormente. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Así las cosas, la Fiscalía solicitó que la Sala de Primera Instancia del Tribunal citara a Randall y ello fue admitido. Posteriormente la Fiscalía informó a la Sala que el Randall se había negado a cumplir con la citación sobre la base de que se debía reconocer la protección de fuentes confidenciales por lo que la citación era improcedente La Sala no aceptó ese argumento y ello fue apelado. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Finalmente, la Sala de Apelaciones consideró que la citación a un corresponsal de guerra era inadmisible bajo argumentos vinculados con el riesgo que ocasionaba una citación para el trabajo de la prensa en situaciones de conflicto, especialmente porque las fuentes se podrían sentir limitadas a prestar testimonios si sabían que un periodista podía revelar su identidad ante un llamado de los tribunales. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Este fundamento se extrapola a casos de periodistas que cubren otros asuntos que suceden en contextos de paz, pero la razón es siempre la misma: la protección del periodista para que no revela las fuentes es importante para dar confianza a la propia fuente para que pueda hablar sin temor.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Es por esa importancia que ya en el año 2000, la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, al aprobar la Declaración de Principios sobre Libertad de Expresión, incluyó con claridad (art. 8) que t</span><span lang="PT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">odo comunicador social tiene derecho a la reserva de sus fuentes de información, apuntes y archivos personales y profesionales.</span><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">En resumen: existen estándares internacionales que impiden que los periodistas sean obligados a revelar sus fuentes. Cuando los operadores judiciales o las fuerzas de seguridad citan o ejercen actos para que los periodistas revelen sus fuentes de información, generan una tensión que no solo erosiona la relación entre la prensa y el sistema de justicia, sino que, de consolidarse esa mala práctica, se daña la posibilidad para que la población conozca cuestiones que de otra manera no hubieran podido ser conocidas. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><img /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES-AR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcxyADGslvlwLUsxp9ivAFYiny6k_bQJNGdR4vh0t8D2v447uCAeM2u8LbvQX30df4prkgWUDrJauOtYA_SAQD0HSL2N13uJ9F7cL5RG1EAs4Jb2kJQwQF30tQK2OcXqm0UIoi4nnu_bLMHyM2Q930mwedUM27m3jrlNzajfe2VtHYIif_euckfuaq=s932" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="932" data-original-width="585" height="661" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgcxyADGslvlwLUsxp9ivAFYiny6k_bQJNGdR4vh0t8D2v447uCAeM2u8LbvQX30df4prkgWUDrJauOtYA_SAQD0HSL2N13uJ9F7cL5RG1EAs4Jb2kJQwQF30tQK2OcXqm0UIoi4nnu_bLMHyM2Q930mwedUM27m3jrlNzajfe2VtHYIif_euckfuaq=w415-h661" width="415" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-66104048508059414912022-03-03T05:52:00.003-08:002022-03-03T05:52:43.662-08:00Confianza y Protección de Datos Personales<p> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Nota publicada en La Diaria, Uruguay, el 1 de marzo de 2022.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">La pandemia provocada por el virus COVID 19 disparó muchas discusiones sobre los beneficios de la “economía digital” y de la mutación de nuestras sociedades a lo que podemos llamar “sociedades digitales”. En verdad, estas discusiones se encontraban latentes. La emergencia sanitaria sólo aceleró procesos que ya se anticipaban. A modo de ejemplo, el teletrabajo era posible antes de la pandemia pero se transformó en algo necesario, y, a medida que transcurrió el tiempo, ahora está cada vez más incorporado a nuestras vidas. Procesos similares se dieron en ámbitos como la “telemedicina”, o las reuniones para discutir temas globales que hoy pueden hacerse a bajo costo convocando a personas de distintos países.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Todas estas actividades involucran de una u otra manera la utilización o procesamiento de datos personales. Si tal utilización o procesamiento se realiza sin reglas que nos den confianza para proteger nuestra privacidad se corre el riesgo de perder las enormes oportunidades que hoy nos brinda la tecnología. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">La pregunta que debemos responder, y que encierra un gran desafío para las “sociedades digitales” y la continuidad de la “economía digital”, es si las reglas que hoy existen son, en primer lugar suficientes para generar confianza en los usuarios y que gracias a esa confianza, puedan seguir desarrollando y aceptando actividades habituales en estas “sociedades digitales”. Mi respuesta es lamentablemente dubitativa.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">La principal causa por la que las reglas que hoy existen para proteger los datos personales no generan confianza radica en que esas reglas no son aceptadas globalmente. Y ello es un problema porque los datos personales se desplazan a través de las fronteras de los países de manera constante. Impedir ese flujo, impide cualquiera de las actividades de las sociedades digitales. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Una razón importante para dañar la confianza se debe a que la falta de globalización de las reglas impide a las entidades estatales encargadas de la protección de los datos personales -en los casos que existen y son independientes- tengan la capacidad de hacer cumplir sus decisiones. En otras palabras: si una empresa es sancionada en un país por violación a las reglas de protección de datos, es posible que esa empresa eluda la sanción por razones de jurisdicción o de ley aplicable. La consecuencia es que los usuarios en las “sociedades digitales” no tienen confianza en las instituciones estatales que los deberían proteger.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Es cierto que hay intentos que nos pueden hacer sentir cautelosamente optimistas: el impulso de la Unión Europea de procesos de adecuación a sus propias reglas (el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos de la Unión Europea) o el impulso del Consejo de Europa para la globalización de la Convención para la Protección de las Personas en Materia de Tratamiento Automatizado de Datos (Convenio 108) y la de su reciente reforma (Convenio 108+), son solo ejemplos de ese cauteloso optimismo. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sin embargo, en América Latina, son muy pocos los países considerados con legislación adecuada (sólo Argentina y Uruguay) o que son parte del Convenio 108 (Argentina, México y Uruguay, que incluso es el primer país fuera del Consejo de Europa que ratificó la Convención 108 +). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">En consecuencia, uno de los desafíos más grandes es trabajar para que exista un tratado internacional, con reglas claras, que se puedan cumplir, y que, lo más relevante, que en la práctica se cumplan. Un acuerdo que traiga a la mesa de discusión a los Estados, a las empresas, a los académicos y a los usuarios. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Así como la pandemia aceleró las prácticas del uso de la tecnología que se encontraban latentes, tal vez, también sea la pandemia un factor para acelerar ese acuerdo global.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0in;"><span lang="ES" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhM-YOLtHzuD7OKmInQdomucp2-Kpewf89JT6LW9IxvXGLrdxoqo4xeg2yg_6JcVBbR3T08YoSOhXI4QYS6pu2ypwg9JBtGfeUeZJsei7rMM59q9OE6GQTARuCi8XADXKSLwHEsO9JOkKWovXNpI5ghBwqpNYT5-N9VfWvM7PUQS9cg4lAEdHOWMyus=s792" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="612" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhM-YOLtHzuD7OKmInQdomucp2-Kpewf89JT6LW9IxvXGLrdxoqo4xeg2yg_6JcVBbR3T08YoSOhXI4QYS6pu2ypwg9JBtGfeUeZJsei7rMM59q9OE6GQTARuCi8XADXKSLwHEsO9JOkKWovXNpI5ghBwqpNYT5-N9VfWvM7PUQS9cg4lAEdHOWMyus=w357-h462" width="357" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-77210194484144309712021-10-12T06:43:00.000-07:002021-10-12T06:43:16.604-07:00De futuro o de presente<p> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nota publicada en https://www.elpais.com.uy/opinion/columnistas/eduardo-bertoni/futuro-presente.html</span></p><p><br /></p><p>"Joe 90” fue una serie para niños y niñas que se hizo a finales de los 60. Ya pasaron al menos cincuenta años. Básicamente proponía una tecnología que permitía a Joe, un niño, incorporar rápidamente los conocimientos que necesitaba para realizar distintas misiones como espía.</p><p>Si hacía falta que manejara un jet, en pocos minutos y conectado a una inmensa máquina con electrodos en su cabeza, obtenía los conocimientos que se le transferían de un piloto avezado. Si requería saber otro idioma, conocer la geografía de un lugar para escalar una montaña, o lo que fuera, en instantes su cerebro incorporaba los conocimientos. A mi la serie me impactó mucho de pequeño: yo quería esa máquina para saberlo todo y rápidamente. Hoy, esa posibilidad empieza a dejar de ser un cuento de ciencia ficción. </p><p>El diseño de las “interfaces cerebro-computadora” (BCI, por su sigla en inglés) está dando ejemplos de los avances de la industria. Por ejemplo, Facebook, en una conferencia pública hace poco más de un año presentó un estudio publicado en la revista “Nature-Neuroscience” que explicaba la posibilidad de decodificar la actividad neuronal para que pudiera ser transmitida directamente a una pantalla de una computadora o teléfono inteligente mediante BCI no invasivas. En otras palabras se busca desarrollar una interfaz de voz silenciosa no invasiva para la próxima plataforma informática. </p><p>En el sitio de Internet de “Iota”, una empresa de biotecnología, se puede leer que “Iota posee una licencia exclusiva para dispositivos bioelectrónicos de tamaño milimétrico impulsados por ultrasonidos desarrollados en UC Berkeley. También conocidos como "polvo neural" debido a su pequeño tamaño y su capacidad para interactuar directamente con el sistema nervioso central, estos dispositivos implantables sin batería permiten a los médicos acercarse más que nunca a las causas internas de la enfermedad de forma segura”.</p><p>Finalmente, una de las empresas de Elon Musk, Neuralink, tiene en su presentación institucional el siguiente objetivo: “Estamos creando el futuro de las interfaces cerebrales: construyendo dispositivos ahora que ayudarán a las personas con parálisis e inventando nuevas tecnologías que expandirán nuestras habilidades, nuestra comunidad y nuestro mundo”.</p><p>Ante esta realidad, el Comité Jurídico Interamericano -CJI-, uno de los órganos de la Organización de los Estados Americanos -OEA- acaba de aprobar una declaración sobre “Neurociencia, Neurotecnologías y Derechos Humanos: Nuevos Desafíos Jurídicos para las Américas”.</p><p>En este documento se explica que “los avances de la neurociencia y el desarrollo de las neurotecnologías plantean importantes preocupaciones éticas y jurídicas sobre su impacto final en principios, derechos y libertades fundamentales como la dignidad humana, el libre desarrollo de la personalidad, la identidad y la autonomía, el derecho a la privacidad e intimidad, la libertad de pensamiento y de expresión, la integridad física y psíquica, el disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental y el acceso a remedios, la igualdad ante la ley, así como a la protección judicial en caso de daños, entre otros”.</p><p>La Declaración muestra su preocupación por la ausencia de regulaciones específicas de las neurotecnologías y por ello, luego de describir los riesgos y derechos posiblemente vulnerados por el mal uso de estas tecnologías, se hacen una serie de recomendaciones a los Estados, el sector privado, la academia y el mundo científico.</p><p>Entre esas recomendaciones hay un llamado específico a prestar especial atención al desarrollo de estas tecnologías mediante regulaciones que ofrezcan salvaguardas suficientes para que su desarrollo e implementación no constituyan amenazas a los derechos humanos. Se impulsa además, la adopción de medidas para que el uso de las tecnologías basadas en interfaces cerebro-computadora solo persigan finalidades legítimas, debiéndose prohibir su uso para fines de control social o de vigilancia masiva de los ciudadanos.</p><p>Para terminar, y volviendo al comienzo con el relato de mi experiencia personal de cuando era un niño: la máquina que utilizaba Joe en la serie de hace cincuenta años está muy cerca de ser una realidad. En buena hora y oportuna la Declaración del CJI. Estaba por terminar esta nota resaltando que el tema de la regulación de las neurociencias y los neuroderechos es un tema de futuro al que debemos atender desde una perspectiva de protección de nuestros derechos humanos. Por suerte antes de finalizar advertí el error. No es un tema del futuro. Es un tema de nuestro presente.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6sZ_P5HXFIUxIxssk78gX8bpkPkPcJmSfk4ayJlV107qQKUXEzFaZ7tdVdF9sLPnuQnbBQg1UOMzxT4AzvBqQm9j4b8nlIvYyTZ1-GZlgL4GNWAydbvnB9gDh_4pikLaBly58f-lEhdA/s1024/WhatsApp+Image+2021-10-10+at+1.36.19+PM.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="576" height="473" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6sZ_P5HXFIUxIxssk78gX8bpkPkPcJmSfk4ayJlV107qQKUXEzFaZ7tdVdF9sLPnuQnbBQg1UOMzxT4AzvBqQm9j4b8nlIvYyTZ1-GZlgL4GNWAydbvnB9gDh_4pikLaBly58f-lEhdA/w266-h473/WhatsApp+Image+2021-10-10+at+1.36.19+PM.jpeg" width="266" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-72957503892383170932021-10-04T05:52:00.000-07:002021-10-04T05:52:02.695-07:00<p><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ver en https://elcomercio.pe/opinion/colaboradores/la-libertad-de-prensa-en-una-sociedad-democratica-por-eduardo-bertoni-noticia/</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHdWpdynbHYJYYEP5Vqxgo2do9EPAiQvgjAL0502Rn5K7bM5LuAUWBMdZwVO9j5jfjhShyphenhyphen83mq3czBzRz8toQ_YmFi8xv96-gH48l2oO45qEtRNJT5B3o9BevfTjxty7BSa5Xfz9MhR6U/s819/Nota+EL+Comercio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="819" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHdWpdynbHYJYYEP5Vqxgo2do9EPAiQvgjAL0502Rn5K7bM5LuAUWBMdZwVO9j5jfjhShyphenhyphen83mq3czBzRz8toQ_YmFi8xv96-gH48l2oO45qEtRNJT5B3o9BevfTjxty7BSa5Xfz9MhR6U/w686-h568/Nota+EL+Comercio.jpg" width="686" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-10429243644756497242021-10-01T11:50:00.001-07:002022-02-17T10:53:10.202-08:00 Increasing Trust In Our Digital Societies And Economies: A Key Factor To Improve Personal Data Protection<p> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Originally published at https://www.informationpolicycentre.com/cipl-blog/archives/09-2021</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">The pandemic caused by COVID 19 triggered many discussions about the benefits of “digital economies” and the mutation of our societies to what we can call “digital societies.” In truth, these discussions were latent. The health emergency only accelerated processes that were already in the works. As an example, teleworking was possible before the pandemic, but it has since become necessary, and as time passed, it became more and more incorporated into our lives. Similar processes took place in areas such as "telemedicine," or meetings to discuss global issues that today can be done at low cost by convening people from different countries virtually.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(82, 82, 82); color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">All these activities involve in one way or another the use or processing of personal data. If such use or processing is carried out without rules that we trust will protect our privacy, we run the risk of losing the enormous opportunities that technology offers us today.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(82, 82, 82); color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">The question we must answer is whether the rules that exist today are, in the first place, sufficient to generate trust in users and if, thanks to that trust, they might be useful for the continuation and development of what we now accept as usual activities in these “digital societies”. </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(82, 82, 82); color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">My answer is regrettably that they do not.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(82, 82, 82); color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">The rules that exist today to protect personal data do not generate trust because they are not accepted globally. And this is a problem because personal data is constantly moving across country borders. Preventing this flow makes it impossible for activities of digital societies to occur.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(82, 82, 82); color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">An important reason for the decrease in trust is that the lack of globalization of these rules prevents state entities in charge of protecting personal data -in the few cases that they exist and are independent- from enforcing their decisions. In other words, if a company is sanctioned in a country for violating data protection rules, it could evade the sanction for reasons of jurisdiction or applicable law. The consequence is that users in "digital societies" do not trust both in state institutions and rules that should protect them.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(82, 82, 82); color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">It is true that there are developments that can make us feel cautiously optimistic: the European Union’s push for processes to adapt its own rules (the GDPR) or the Council of Europe’s attempt to globalize Convention 108 are examples of measures that aim to globalize these rules. But, for instance, in Latin America there are very few countries considered to have adequate legislation or that are party to the Convention 108.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="caret-color: rgb(82, 82, 82); color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #525252; font-family: Lato; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Consequently, one of the greatest challenges we face today is to work for an international treaty, with clear rules that can be followed in practice and enforced and ideally enforced globally. An agreement that brings States, companies, academics and users to the table for discussion is essential. Just as the pandemic accelerated the practices of the use of technology that were latent, the pandemic can also perhaps be a factor to accelerate the discussion and adoption of such a global agreement.</span><p></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-59228261106080658362021-09-04T13:36:00.000-07:002021-09-04T13:36:23.868-07:00<p> </p><h2 class="internal" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #a61d00; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 3rem; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px 0px 44px; orphans: 2; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2;">Are public officials’ lies unsustainable or do they have far reaching effects? A study on the obligations of the government and its officials to prevent the proliferation of disinformation</h2><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue; font-size: 15pt; font-weight: 700;">Executive Summary</span></p><ul><li style="font-family: MinionPro; font-size: 15pt;"><p><span style="font-size: 15pt;">State responses to the recent “crisis” caused by misinformation in social media have mainly aimed at penalizing its authors or establishing liability for those who facilitate its dissemination. Internet companies, especially large platforms, have deployed numerous techniques, measures, and instruments to address the phenomenon.</span></p></li><li style="font-family: MinionPro; font-size: 15pt;"><p><span style="font-size: 15pt;">However, little has been done to identify the origin of misinformation and evaluate the phenomenon in light of specific obligations from certain sectors.</span></p></li><li style="font-family: MinionPro; font-size: 15pt;"><p><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In this paper we presume that:1)it would be wrong to attribute to social media an exclusive role in the new disinformation crisis that impacts the information ecosystem, and 2) disinformation has different impacts depending on who promotes it — public vs. private —, and public officials have special responsibilities regarding their speech. The last point is the central object of this study.</span></p></li><li style="font-family: MinionPro; font-size: 15pt;"><p><span style="font-size: 15pt;">The research looks into some of the obligations of public officials (and other public persons as candidates for public office) to tell the truth, and/or take measures to avoid errors in the information they disseminate in the exer- cise of their office. Thus, the information provided by officials when publicly speaking has ethical and legal obligations.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 15pt;"></span></p><div class="page" title="Page 3"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><i>We conclude that public officials have a duty to tell the truth regarding their speech and expressions. Following the logic of these obligations, we could look into new possible lines of investigation in the search for solutions to the dissemination of disinformation and the harm to public debate.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><i></i></span></p><div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue; font-size: 9pt;">Complete paper <a href="https://www.palermo.edu/Archivos_content/2021/cele/papers/Disinformation-and-public-officials.pdf" target="_blank">here</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue; font-size: 9pt;">This research was developed by the Regional Office for South America of the Inter-American Institute of Human Rights (IIHR) - and directed and coordinated by Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información [Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information] ( CELE) of Universidad de Palermo, Argentina for Al Sur. The IIHR was created in 1980 through an agreement between the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Republic of Costa Rica, to be an autonomous international entity of an academic nature for the teaching, research and promotion of human rights and all disciplines related to them. The IIHR links its activities with the action of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights since, due to its origin and mandate, it is obliged to disseminate the doctrine emanating from the existence and operation of the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights of individuals and communities. The Regional Office for South America covers issues in that area without prejudice to the coordination with the Institute's headquarters located in Costa Rica. This document is a contribution for Al Sur's work and aims to capitalize on their regional resources: much of the data included here was compiled by the consortium of organizations that make up Al Sur, to whom the authors are grateful for their contributions and comments.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><br /></span></p></li></ul></div></div></div></div> Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-65982035786271890112021-09-04T13:14:00.002-07:002021-09-04T13:16:42.869-07:00<p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpJb-heyytoCHFhbKavv7Zkb0qSqzGfPknoFIt3SucPYIV06Dpl6c98Vvds0TEhqKLUxu_W1rw-Us0MIX8Qfc0X4XyUqlMCjPmkSj1A_b57XzJst0H1ztpcIDU1jIJjCrUCTALsQA0-Tg/s1170/Desinformacio%25CC%2581n+-IIDH%253ACELE.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="877" data-original-width="1170" height="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpJb-heyytoCHFhbKavv7Zkb0qSqzGfPknoFIt3SucPYIV06Dpl6c98Vvds0TEhqKLUxu_W1rw-Us0MIX8Qfc0X4XyUqlMCjPmkSj1A_b57XzJst0H1ztpcIDU1jIJjCrUCTALsQA0-Tg/w584-h437/Desinformacio%25CC%2581n+-IIDH%253ACELE.jpeg" width="584" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Publicación completa en <a href="https://www.palermo.edu/Archivos_content/2021/cele/papers/Desinformacion-y-funcionarios-publicos.pdf">https://www.palermo.edu/Archivos_content/2021/cele/papers/Desinformacion-y-funcionarios-publicos.pdf</a></div><p></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-47129088997322187682021-08-26T10:36:00.000-07:002021-08-26T10:36:28.012-07:00<p> Publicado en El Pais, Uruguay, el 21 de agosto de 2021</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrFiUNOW7Ri1XVWnHH19QozwbBf2vFheI5knnTRreeu8ebpr6jd33moEuOXBvYGndMDj3b1Z1DLG_D4R8ZEjOrxu2ifArbs5C9MnlIMwgPVIXkV5c2u5SMfFRsuBMK-A4ruqmYZ2peJ8/s1024/Nota+en+El+Pais+Art+y+Censura.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="863" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrFiUNOW7Ri1XVWnHH19QozwbBf2vFheI5knnTRreeu8ebpr6jd33moEuOXBvYGndMDj3b1Z1DLG_D4R8ZEjOrxu2ifArbs5C9MnlIMwgPVIXkV5c2u5SMfFRsuBMK-A4ruqmYZ2peJ8/w440-h521/Nota+en+El+Pais+Art+y+Censura.jpeg" width="440" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-3465302315188777052021-03-26T08:25:00.000-07:002021-03-26T08:25:03.740-07:00(EN) Eduardo Bertoni: Can state regulations free our expression?<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/UNfWmlRpelo" frameborder="0"></iframe>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-64464435499537854592021-03-25T08:36:00.001-07:002021-03-26T08:39:51.026-07:00PS179 | 19) RE: Moderación de contenidos en internet y libertad de expre...<iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/-7V6A-cx9lc" width="480"></iframe><div><br /></div><div>Mi participación en importante audiencia convocada por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.</div>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-11206186675679815272020-12-17T05:28:00.001-08:002020-12-17T13:24:33.187-08:00Mis Nuevos Desafíos / My New Challenges<p> <i>English version below</i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="ES"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="ES"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fvTgO-1mowkj84zRt6auump_RsTXlTGkU4NZyBHRL73NvixEMsxkSXyjnixHBNvGuQX1zk7l1MdLC_tv9Oigpu_MHy38Fjy9f3p5iJa3LK3VC0xLqYQonM3SVZg6tcwaoRB3crFXI6I/s675/aaip+-+iidh+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="675" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-fvTgO-1mowkj84zRt6auump_RsTXlTGkU4NZyBHRL73NvixEMsxkSXyjnixHBNvGuQX1zk7l1MdLC_tv9Oigpu_MHy38Fjy9f3p5iJa3LK3VC0xLqYQonM3SVZg6tcwaoRB3crFXI6I/s320/aaip+-+iidh+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="ES"><br />El 14 de octubre presenté al Presidente de la Nación de la República Argentina mi renuncia al cargo de Director de la <a href="https://www.argentina.gob.ar/aaip" target="_blank">Agencia de Acceso a la Información Pública</a></span> a partir del 1° de enero de 2021. La renuncia fue <a href="https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/238672/20201217" target="_blank">aceptada </a>hoy.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="ES">Luego de casi 5 años de ser la autoridad nacional de protección de datos personales y poco más de 3 al frente de la Agencia de Acceso a la Información Pública en Argentina, las razones de mi alejamiento se deben a una mezcla de razones personales y profesionales. Por un lado, es mi deseo apoyar a mi esposa en su futuro desarrollo profesional, lo cual nos lleva a seguir nuestras actividades fuera de Argentina. Por mi parte, he aceptado <a href="https://www.iidh.ed.cr/iidh/novedades/el-doctor-eduardo-bertoni-ha-aceptado-el-cargo-de-representante-alterno-de-la/" target="_blank">la propuesta</a> de ser el </span><span lang="ES">Representante Alterno de la Oficina Regional del Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos -<a href="https://www.iidh.ed.cr/" target="_blank">IIDH</a>- para América del Sur, con sede en Montevideo</span><span lang="ES">. El Instituto es una prestigiosa entidad académica vinculada al Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y esta oportunidad me permite volver a trabajar desde ese ámbito con una proyección internacional en los temas que he venido profundizando en los últimos años: la influencia de la tecnología y su impacto en la defensa y promoción de derechos humanos. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;">He tenido la oportunidad de conocer a colegas de distintas latitudes de los cuales he aprendido mucho. Me voy también enriquecido por el trabajo realizado en la función pública en mi país. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;">Como órgano garante de la aplicación de la Ley de Acceso a la Información Pública, en la Agencia tramitamos los reclamos de quienes sintieron que su derecho no había sido respetado. En muchas situaciones debimos intimar a dar información en casos que involucraron a casi todos los ministerios y secretarías de Estado. Pero los resultados a medida que trabajábamos eran auspiciosos y hoy me retiro con más de un 90% de pedidos de acceso a la información que fueron satisfechos. En el área de la protección de los datos personales, muchas denuncias o investigaciones que se iniciaron de oficio terminaron en sanciones a entidades estatales y empresas privadas cuando así creímos que correspondía. El sitio de Internet de la Agencia, que diseñamos y fuimos construyendo a lo largo de estos años, es una fuente fidedigna de información pública sobre las actividades pasadas y actuales de la oficina.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;">En seis oportunidades presidí el Consejo Federal para la Transparencia de Argentina y en muchas más participé como miembro del Comité Ejecutivo de la Red Iberoamericana de Protección de Datos Personales, de la Asamblea Global de Privacidad y del Comité Consultivo de la Convención para la Protección Automatizada de Datos Personales del Consejo de Europa. Durante estos años como autoridad nacional de protección de datos, pudimos impulsar que Argentina se integrara a la conversación global sobre estos temas, especialmente a partir de haber ingresado como Estado parte de la Convención 108 y haber firmado la Convención 108+. A su vez, a nivel local impulsamos un proyecto de reforma general a la Ley de Protección de Datos Personales que, sin dudas, ha sentado las bases para futuras discusiones que lleven a modernizar la legislación nacional.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;">La experiencia que me llevo es enorme. La satisfacción por lo realizado es aún más grande. Por supuesto que queda mucho por hacer, pero como he dicho muchas veces en estos últimos meses, estos tres años recorridos por parte de la Agencia nos encuentra como un organismo nuevo pero consolidado, referente a nivel nacional e internacional en materia de acceso a la información pública y protección de datos personales.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;">Finalmente, quisiera agradecer públicamente a quienes confiaron en mi para desempeñarme en los cargos que ocupé, a quienes colaboraron con una tarea que parecía imposible como era el diseño y puesta en marcha de un organismo nuevo, y, sobre todo, agradecer al equipo de trabajo que me acompañó estos años. Sin quienes trabajaron en la Dirección Nacional de Datos Personales en sus inicios y aquellos que se unieron cuando asumí como primer director de la Agencia de Acceso a la Información Pública en Argentina, hubiera sido imposible que una oficina que previo a 2017 no existía sea lo que es hoy: un órgano que actúa con independencia y que tiene una voz respetada tanto a nivel nacional como internacional. Deseo lo mejor para todos ellos y ellas, y por supuesto a quien me suceda en el cargo, para que puedan continuar la tarea enorme que queda por realizar para que estos derechos no sean meramente una declamación.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES"><span style="font-family: arial;">El desafío profesional que tengo en el IIDH por delante me entusiasma mucho. Por otro lado, volveré a escribir periódicamente en mi blog <a href="https://ebertoni.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">e-BERTONI</a>, como lo hacía antes de asumir mi función pública. Estoy seguro de que seguiremos en contacto. Por eso, esto no es una despedida, sino un simple “hasta pronto”. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">--------------------------------------------------</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On October 14<sup>th</sup>, 2020, I presented my resignation to the President of Argentina. As of January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2021, I will no longer be the director of Argentina’s <a href="https://www.argentina.gob.ar/aaip/english_version" target="_blank">Access to Public Information Agency</a> (<span style="text-align: left;">)</span>. My resignation was <a href="https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/238672/20201217" target="_blank">accepted</a> today.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I am leaving office, after almost 5 years of being the national data protection authority and just over 3 years as the Agency’s director, due to personal and professional reasons. The personal reason is that I wish to support my wife in her professional development, which leads us to relocate abroad. From a professional point of view, I have accepted <a href="https://www.iidh.ed.cr/iidh-en/news/el-doctor-eduardo-bertoni-ha-aceptado-el-cargo-de-representante-alterno-de-la/" target="_blank">the offer</a> to be the Representative of the Regional Office of the Inter-American Institute of Human Rights (<a href="https://www.iidh.ed.cr/" target="_blank">IIDH</a>) for South America, based in Montevideo. The Institute is a prestigious academic entity linked to the Inter-American Human Rights System and this opportunity allows me to return to the regional human rights system and work on the issues I have been focusing on in recent years – the influence of technology and its impact on the defense and promotion of human rights – with an international projection.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br />I have had the opportunity to meet colleagues from different latitudes from whom I have learned a lot. I also leave my current position enriched by having worked in public service for my country. The agency, charged with guaranteeing the Access to Public Information law is properly applied, has processed claims of those who felt that their right to access information had not been respected. In many situations, we had to order authorities from almost all the ministries and high-ranking public offices to provide information. The results have been positive. Today, I am leaving office with authorities having provided information in more than 90% of requests. In the field of personal data protection, many citizens’ complaints or <i>ex officio </i>investigations led to sanctions against state entities and private companies that violated the law. The agency’s website, which we designed and built over the past few years, is a reliable source of public information on its past and current activities.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On six occasions, I chaired the Federal Council for Transparency of Argentina and, in many more, I participated as member of the Executive Committee of the Ibero-American Data Protection Network, of the Global Privacy Assembly, and of the Consultative Committee of the Council of Europe’s “Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data” (“Convention 108”). During these years as a national data protection authority, Argentina joined the global conversation on these issues, especially after becoming a State Party to Convention 108 and having signed Convention 108+. In turn, we promoted a general reform to the Data Protection Law in Argentina, which, undoubtedly, has laid the foundations for future discussions to modernize the current legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The experience and results have been very rewarding. Of course, much remains to be done, but, as I have said repeatedly in recent months, the agency is today a new but consolidated body.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Finally, I would like to publicly thank those who trusted me to carry out the work, those who collaborated with the very difficult task of designing and implementing a new government office, and, above all, I would like to thank the team that accompanied me these years. Without those who worked with me in the National Directorate of Personal Data when I was appointed and those who joined when I became the first director of the Agency for Access to Public Information in Argentina, it would have been impossible for an office that did not exist prior to 2017 to be what it is today: a body that acts independently and has a voice that is respected both nationally and internationally. I wish the best to all of them, and of course, to my successor, so that they can continue the enormous task that remains to be done to protect these fundamental rights.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;">I am excited about the professional challenge ahead of me at the IIHR. I will also return to writing periodically on my <a href="https://ebertoni.blogspot.com/ " target="_blank">e-BERTONI</a> blog</span><span style="font-family: arial;">, as I did before my role in government. I'm sure we’ll keep in touch. Therefore, this is not a farewell, but a “see you soon.”</span></p>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-69985375350404032582020-11-29T14:48:00.003-08:002020-11-29T14:48:17.359-08:00Convention 108 and the GDPR: Trends and perspectives in Latin America<p> <a aria-label="Persistent link using digital object identifier" class="doi" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105516" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; widows: 2; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank" title="Persistent link using digital object identifier">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2020.105516</a></p><div class="DoiLink" id="doi-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;"><a class="rights-and-content" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&contentID=S0267364920301217&orderBeanReset=true" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; float: right; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">Get rights and content</a></div><section class="ReferencedArticles" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 16px 0px 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;"></section><section class="ReferencedArticles" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 16px 0px 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;"></section><div class="PageDivider" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(235, 235, 235); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;"></div><div class="Body u-font-serif" id="body" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSerif, Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Arial Unicode MS", serif !important; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="para0001" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Over<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_1" name="bcit_1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></a><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_2" name="bcit_2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></a> the past twenty years, several countries in Latin America have enacted their own data protection laws.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_3" name="bcit_3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></a> In many cases, these laws have followed standards that were and still are being developed in the European Union. In spite of that, only a few of those countries -namely, Uruguay, Argentina and Mexico- have acceded to the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (hereinafter Convention 108), an international commitment approved by the Council of Europe in 1981 and has recently been modernized (hereinafter Convention 108+).<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_4" name="bcit_4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span></a> Moreover, fewer countries -only Uruguay and Argentina- have been granted by “adequacy decisions” which are regularly determined by the European Commission and approved by the European Union. The benefits for those who obtained these decisions, are, among others, that enable free data flows between the EU and those countries in accordance to the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC (hereinafter Directive).<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_5" name="bcit_5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span></a></p><p id="para0007" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">It may not be a coincidence that two of the three countries that have ratified the treaty (Convention 108) have also been considered adequate by the European Union. This is not only theoretically but practically relevant, because both Argentina and Uruguay are currently undergoing a new adequacy revision process under Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (hereinafter General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR), which may come to an end during 2020.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_6" name="bcit_6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">6</span></a> In this sense, it might be important to analyse whether Convention 108 and the GDPR are intertwined. What are precisely the links between these two regulations? Could the accession to Convention 108 influence an adequacy decision by the European Commission?</p><p id="para0009" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In this essay, we will attempt to approximate to these questions by establishing: (i) the connections between GDPR and Convention 108; and (ii) how those connections might have an impact on adequacy decisions in light of recent and undergoing experiences in Latin America. Considering that most adequacy decisions under the GDPR -except for Japan<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_7" name="bcit_7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">7</span></a>- are pending, some of our findings may be provisional or speculative and should be read as such. Nonetheless, these insights might be a starting point to examine in more detail the relationship between the most important multilateral treaty on data protection so far and the GDPR, which seems to have become not only a global model, but also a standard of standards, a rule of recognition to identify what is -and what may not be- an appropriate data protection law.</p><section id="sec0001" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" id="cesectitle0002" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem !important; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1.333 !important; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; padding: 0px;">The links between convention 108 and GDPR</h2><p id="para0011" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Regulation (EU) 2016/679, better known as the General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR, was issued in April 2016 and became implemented two years later, in May 2018. This regulation superseded the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC and incorporated new features such as the extraterritorial scope, the privacy impact assessment, the data protection officer, the accountability principle, the right to data portability and the right to object. However, adequacy decisions were maintained in the new regulation as the primary mechanism to enable free data flows between the members of the European Union and foreign countries. It should be remembered that an adequacy decision -both under the old Directive and the GDPR- is determined by the European Commission after establishing, through a consultative process, that a non-European country has laws, practices and institutions that ensure that personal data of European citizens will be duly protected.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_8" name="bcit_8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">8</span></a></p><p id="para0013" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Because it implied such a paradigm shift, GDPR also established in its Article 97 that adequacy decisions taken so far under the Directive would be reviewed according to the new stricter regulation. In effect, that Article says that</p><dl class="list" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">1</dt><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p id="para0014" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">By 25 May 2020 and every four years thereafter, the Commission shall submit a report on the evaluation and review of this Regulation to the European Parliament and to the Council. The reports shall be made public.</p></dd><dt class="list-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;">2</dt><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p id="para0015" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In the context of the evaluations and reviews referred to in paragraph 1, the Commission shall examine, in particular, the application and functioning of:</p></dd></dl><dl class="list" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p id="para0016" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Chapter V on the transfer of personal data to third countries or international organisations with particular regard to decisions adopted pursuant to Article 45(3) of this Regulation and decisions adopted on the basis of Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC;</span></p></dd><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p id="para0017" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Pursuant to Article 45(2) of the GDPR, when assessing the level of protection of a non-European country the European Commission shall take account of the following elements: (a) rule of law, protection of human rights and specific data protection rules, provided by law and jurisprudence; (b) the existence of an independent data protection authority that ensures the rights of the data subjects and enforces compliance; and (c) international commitments, in particular related to the protection of personal data.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_9" name="bcit_9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">9</span></a> Regarding this last point, Recital 105 of the GDPR further notes that</p></dd><dd class="list-description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px;"><p id="para0019" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Apart from the international commitments the third country or international organisation has entered into, [when assessing the level of protection of a third country] the Commission should take account of obligations arising from the third country's or international organisation's participation in multilateral or regional systems in particular in relation to the protection of personal data, as well as the implementation of such obligations. <span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">In particular, the third country's accession to the Council of Europe Convention of 28 January 1981 for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data and its Additional Protocol should be taken into account.</span></p></dd></dl><p></p><p id="para0020" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">As it is widely known, the Convention 108, is a treaty enacted by the Council of Europe in 1981 and the only comprehensive and binding data protection framework at international level. It has been amended three times: the first time in 1999, by an Amendment that allowed European Communities to join the treaty; the second time in 2001, by an Additional Protocol that incorporated new obligations related to the existence of supervisory authorities and transborder data flow; and the third time on May 2018, a few days before the GDPR was implemented, by an Amending Protocol that revised the text integrally.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_10" name="bcit_10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">10</span></a> This new version of the treaty is regarded as a “modernization” and has been labelled “Convention 108+”.</p><p id="para0022" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">It is certainly not a coincidence that Convention 108+ was born alongside the GDPR. The Explanatory Report<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_11" name="bcit_11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">11</span></a> of Convention 108+ clarifies that “[<em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">t</em>]he modernization work was carried out in the broader context of various parallel reforms of international data protection instruments [including the GDPR]” (2018, p. 15). It further notes that</p><blockquote style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="spara001" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">With regard to the EU data protection reform package in particular, the works ran in parallel and utmost care was taken to ensure consistency between both legal frameworks. The EU data protection framework [i.e. GDPR] gives substance and amplifies the principles of Convention 108 and takes into account accession to Convention 108, notably with regard to international transfers (2018, p. 15).</p></blockquote><blockquote style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="spara002" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Interestingly, Article 14 of Convention 108+ specifies that being a party to Convention 108+ does not automatically enable free flows of data between non-European countries and the members of the European Union, because “[a] Party may [restrict international transfers of personal data], if bound by harmonised rules of protection shared by States belonging to a regional international organisation”. This restriction to the free flows of data that should otherwise arise between the parties of Convention 108+ seems like a tailor-made exception for the European Union, since, to date, the GDPR is the most important and well known example of “harmonised rules of protection shared by States belonging to a regional international organisation”. However, the Explanatory Report further clarifies that</p><p id="spara003" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">a third country's accession to Convention 108 and its implementation will be an important factor when applying the EU's international transfer regime, in particular when assessing whether the third country offers an adequate level of protection (which in turn allows the free flow of personal data) (2018, p. 27).</p></blockquote><blockquote style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="spara004" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In effect, even if Convention 108+ does not cover all the innovations that the GDPR brought along, such as the data protection officer, the privacy impact assessment or the principle of accountability of data controllers, it is consistent with most of the GDPR requirements. In this sense and noting the similarities, but also the differences, between the two regulations, Greenleaf (2018) has pointed out that</p><p id="spara005" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Because 108+ includes most important GDPR innovations (in less prescriptive form), accession to 108+, coupled with proper enforcement should indicate that most aspects of the GDPR requirements are met. However, 108+ does not include all GDPR innovations, and it is as yet uncertain how EU institutions will interpret the adequacy provisions of the GDPR. It is possible that GDPR ‘adequacy’ will not require any of these elements not found in 108+, but on the other hand some might be required or strongly desirable. ‘Adequate’ did not mean ‘identical’ under the Directive, and will not under the GDPR. It is therefore uncertain, but possible, that compliance with the standards found in 108+ may also in practice approximate what it meant by ‘adequate’ under the GDPR. If so, the 108+ standards (which we can call ‘GDPR Lite’) may become the new global standard by 2023 (p. 3).<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_12" name="bcit_12" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">12</span></a></p></blockquote><p></p><p id="para0031" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In summary, there are enough links between the modernized Convention 108 and the GDPR to consider that these two instruments are close-knit and that the accession to the former should have an important weight in the adequacy to the latter. On one hand, from the standpoint of non-European countries, Convention 108 could be seen as an efficient mechanism to achieve or at least facilitate a favourable adequacy decision. On the other hand, from the standpoint of the members of the European Union, Convention 108 could be conceived as a means to ensure the globalization of most of GDPR rules and, thus, a sufficient level of protection to allow free data flows. Both sides of the coin are certainly connected.</p><p id="para0032" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">As we will see in the next section, Latin American countries became notably more interested in Convention 108 once the GDPR was launched in May 2018.</p></section><section id="sec0002" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" id="cesectitle0003" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem !important; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1.333 !important; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; padding: 0px;">The data protection scene in Latin America</h2><p id="para0033" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">The first Latin American country that acceded to the original Convention 108 and its first Additional Protocol was Uruguay in April 2013. Uruguay had requested an invitation to accede in 2011 and the Council of Europe granted such invitation the same year. Mexico followed in June 2018 and Argentina a bit later, in February 2019. Both Mexico and Argentina had requested an invitation to accede in 2017, which is only one year after the GDPR had been issued.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_13" name="bcit_13" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">13</span></a> It is indeed likely that the reform of the European data protection framework motivated the governments of these countries to become parties to the treaty in order to preserve -in the case of Argentina- or obtain -in the case of Mexico- the status of “adequate” under the GDPR.</p><p id="para0035" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">When Convention 108+ came along, Uruguay and Argentina signed it very quickly. The former in 2018 and the latter in 2019.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_14" name="bcit_14" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">14</span></a> At the time, both countries were undergoing the adequacy revision process that is enshrined in Article 97 of the GDPR and the signature of the modernized treaty might have been conceived as a strategic move to preserve adequacy and get aligned with the new regulation. This revision process has recently come to a formal end on 25 May 2020 and soon enough we will learn if the signature of Convention 108+ and the approval of old Convention 108 has had any weight in the decisions of the European Commission.</p><p id="para0037" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Both Uruguay and Argentina have also done regulatory efforts to modernize their general data protection frameworks in order to match the new international standards set by the GDPR. In 2019, through Law No. 19.670, Uruguay introduced the following modifications to its general data protection law: (i) it establishes an obligation to designate a DPO whenever the main business of the controller involves the processing of data on a large scale, or the processing of sensitive data; (ii) the scope of application of the data protection law has been extended to controllers who are outside of Uruguay whenever their processing activities are related to the offering of goods or services to individuals in Uruguay; (iii) the notification of data breaches to the data subject as well as to the data protection authority is now mandatory; (iv) the accountability principle has been expressly acknowledged in the law.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_15" name="bcit_15" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">15</span></a></p><p id="para0039" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In Argentina perhaps the most important legislative change was the creation of its new national data protection authority, the Access to Public Information Agency (“AAIP”), which enjoys a substantial higher degree of independence than its predecessor. Other important efforts to modernize its legal framework include (i) the Draft Bill sent to Congress by Argentina's Executive Branch on September 2018, which contained a comprehensive reform to the current general data protection law, and (ii) AAIP's Resolution No. 4/2019 which sets forth a definition of biometric data and also recognizes the possibility of data subjects to request information on the logic applied on decisions based on automated data processing.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_16" name="bcit_16" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">16</span></a> It is worth noting that, despite the fact that in March 2020 the Draft Bill lost its status as such, it proposed a series of changes that were certainly influenced by the GDPR, among other modern data protection legislations in the world.</p><p id="para0041" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">It should also be noted that Brazil, recently passed a new data protection law (the “LGPD”) that took inspiration from the GDPR and joined the Consultative Committee of Convention 108 as an observer in October 2018.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_17" name="bcit_17" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">17</span></a> Brazil's LGDP, in force as of February 2020, reproduces most of the GDPR's rules and structure very closely: the extraterritorial scope of application of the law, the requirement of a legal basis to process personal data and to allow international transfers, the penalties system, the obligation to designate a data protection officer, and the duty to notify data breaches, among others.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_18" name="bcit_18" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">18</span></a> This may anticipate Brazil's wish both to accede to the treaty and to be declared adequate by the European Commission in the near future.</p><p id="para0044" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In August 2019, Colombia also initiated “discussions about the possibilities of joining the Committee of Convention 108 as observers, as a first step into Convention 108+”.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_19" name="bcit_19" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">19</span></a> Additionally, in 2018, during a recent meeting of data protection authorities belonging to the organisation of American States, the President of Costa Rica “stated that [the country] had a strong commitment with the [data protection] issue and announced his willingness to have Costa Rica adopt Convention 108 of the Council of Europe in the near future”.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_20" name="bcit_20" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">20</span></a></p><p id="para0047" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">In 2018, Chile's Constitution was amended in order to include data protection as a fundamental right, whose exercise will be regulated by law.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_21" name="bcit_21" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">21</span></a> Another news that clearly shows the direction Chile is taking in data protection matters is the fact that in July 2019, its Ministers of Finance and of Justice and Human Rights issued a joint press statement with Commissioner Věra Jourová on data protection cooperation, where they agreed to “work towards global solutions to digital challenges and further facilitate mutual data flows, including the possibility of exploring the use of all available instruments, such as adequacy”, and where Commissioner Jourová welcomed the decision of Chile to join the Convention 108 as an observer.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_22" name="bcit_22" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">22</span></a></p><p id="para0050" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">It is important to highlight that both Europe and Latin America -as whole regions- seem to be engaged in mutual efforts to get closer to each other with respect to data protection. As a matter of fact, the Consultative Committee of Convention 108 is a member of the Ibero-American Data Protection Network,<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_23" name="bcit_23" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">23</span></a> an international data protection platform that integrates many Latin American countries together with Spain and Portugal since 2003. This Network has made important contributions to spread the European view of data protection. In its agenda for the period of 2015–2018, the Network sought explicitly to promote the European data privacy rules in Ibero-American countries, noting “the benefits that such adoption would bring to Spanish companies that desire to transfer an increasing volume of personal data with such countries.”<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_24" name="bcit_24" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">24</span></a></p><p id="para0053" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Additionally, in June 2017, after the GDPR had been issued, the Network published the Standards for Data Protection for the Ibero-American States, aligning itself with the new European rules and explicitly taking inspiration not only from the GDPR, but also from Convention 108.<a class="workspace-trigger" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#cit_25" name="bcit_25" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 13.5px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">25</span></a> Since participation in multilateral or regional systems related to the protection of personal data is a relevant factor in adequacy decisions, the Standards for Data Protection for the Ibero-American States could be regarded as an additional move of the Latin American region to approximate to the GDPR, but also as a move of the European Union –represented in the Network by the Consultative Committee of Convention 108, Spain and Portugal- to globalize its own data protection standards.</p></section><section id="sec0003" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" id="cesectitle0004" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem !important; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1.333 !important; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; padding: 0px;">Conclusion</h2><p id="para0055" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">This brief description of the links between Convention 108 and the GDPR and their impact on the Latin American scene allow us to affirm that both instruments have had a great deal of influence in the region and that this influence might increase in the near future, since adequacy standards have changed with the emergence of GDPR and Convention 108+ and these two regulations are closely related to each other.</p></section></div><section id="coi0001a" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom" id="sctt0014a" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; font-size: 1.2rem !important; font-weight: 400 !important; line-height: 1.333 !important; margin-bottom: 8px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 32px !important; padding: 0px;"><br /></h2></section></div><div class="Tail" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;"></div><div class="Footnotes" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e2e2e; font-family: NexusSans, Arial, Helvetica, "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Microsoft Sans Serif", "Segoe UI Symbol", STIXGeneral, "Cambria Math", "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; padding: 0px; widows: 2;"><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">1</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0001" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">I thank Mauro Meloni and Juan Agustin Otero who assisted me in writing this article. They did part of the research and drafted some parts of the article under my supervision. Meloni and Otero obtained their Law degree from Universidad de San Andrés School of Law, Argentina. They are currently Legal Advisors at the Access to Public Information Agency, the Data Protection Authority in Argentina.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_2" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">2</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0002" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University; MIPP, George Washington University) became the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP), a Secretary-level position after passing an open and transparent selection process that included a public hearing. Previously, he was the Director of the former National Data Protection Authority. He is the founder and was the first director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. He was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) in Washington, D.C. (2005–2009) and the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).Bertoni currently teaches at Buenos Aires University School of Law and New York University School of Law (Global Clinical Professor). He published several opinion pieces on democracy, human rights, freedom of expression, and data protection in leading newspapers in the Americas and has written several publications on judicial reform, international criminal law, and human rights & the Internet.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">3</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0003" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See for example Law N° 25.326 (Argentina); Law N° 18.331 (Uruguay); Law N° 13.709/18 (Brazil); Federal Data Protection Law 05-07-2010 (Mexico); Law N° 1581/2012 (Colombia); Law N° 29.733 (Peru).</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_4" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">4</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0004" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the chart of signatures and ratifications of Convention 108 in: <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/108/signatures?p_auth=O1ZGs4lK" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/108/signatures?p_auth=O1ZGs4lK</a>.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_5" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">5</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0005" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the European Commission list of adequate countries regarding data protection in: <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/international-dimension-data-protection/adequacy-decisions_en#documents" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection/international-dimension-data-protection/adequacy-decisions_en#documents</a>.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_6" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">6</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0006" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See Article 97 of the GDPR.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_7" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">7</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0007" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the European Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/419 of 23 January 2019 pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the adequate protection of personal data by Japan under the Act on the Protection of Personal Information, available in: <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32019D0419&from=EN" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32019D0419&from=EN</a>.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_8" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">8</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0008" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See Article 25(6) of the Directive and Article 45 of the GDPR.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_9" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">9</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0009" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">This is a simplified paraphrasis of the complete text of Article 45(2) of the GDPR.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_10" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">10</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0010" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the list of amendments in: <a href="https://www.coe.int/es/web/data-protection/legal-instruments" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.coe.int/es/web/data-protection/legal-instruments</a>.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_11" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">11</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0011" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the Explanatory Report in: <a href="https://rm.coe.int/16808ac91a" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://rm.coe.int/16808ac91a</a>.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_12" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">12</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0012" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Graham Greenleaf, ‘Modernised’ Data Protection Convention 108 and the GDPR <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(2018) 154 Privacy Laws & Business International Report 22-3</em> (2018). <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">UNSW Law Research Paper No. 19-3</em></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_13" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">13</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0013" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the chart of signatures and ratifications of Convention 108 in: <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/108/signatures?p_auth=O1ZGs4lK" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/108/signatures?p_auth=O1ZGs4lK</a>. Also see opinions by the European Council on the requests for accession by Argentina, Uruguay and Mexico in: <a href="https://www.coe.int/es/web/data-protection/convention108/parties" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.coe.int/es/web/data-protection/convention108/parties</a>.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_14" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">14</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0014" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the chart of signatures and ratifications of Convention 108+ in: <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/223/signatures" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/223/signatures</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_15" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">15</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0015" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the modifications to Uruguay's data protection law introduced by Law No. 19.670 in: <a href="https://www.gub.uy/unidad-reguladora-control-datos-personales/comunicacion/publicaciones/cambios-recientes-legislacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-personales-en" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.gub.uy/unidad-reguladora-control-datos-personales/comunicacion/publicaciones/cambios-recientes-legislacion-sobre-proteccion-de-datos-personales-en</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_16" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">16</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0016" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the complete text of Resolution AAIP No. 4/2019 in: <a href="https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/200224/20190116" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/200224/20190116</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_17" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">17</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0017" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See list of observers of Convention 108 in: <a href="https://rm.coe.int/list-of-observers-nov-2018-en/1680938538" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://rm.coe.int/list-of-observers-nov-2018-en/1680938538</a>. Also see the Council of Europe news about Brazil joining the Consultative Committee as an observer: <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/data-protection/-/brazil-and-the-data-protection-commission-of-gabon-to-join-the-committee-of-convention-108-as-observers-" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.coe.int/en/web/data-protection/-/brazil-and-the-data-protection-commission-of-gabon-to-join-the-committee-of-convention-108-as-observers-</a>.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_18" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">18</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0018" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See comparison of the GDPR and the LGPD in: <a href="https://iapp.org/news/a/gdpr-matchup-brazils-general-data-protection-law/" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://iapp.org/news/a/gdpr-matchup-brazils-general-data-protection-law/</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_19" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">19</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0019" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the Council of Europe news about the discussions held with Colombia's authorities: <a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/data-protection/-/colombia-a-first-step-towards-convention-108-" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.coe.int/en/web/data-protection/-/colombia-a-first-step-towards-convention-108-</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_20" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">20</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0020" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the Informative Newsletter of the Organisation of American States regarding the Annual Meeting of Data Protection Authorities in 2018: <a href="https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/boletines_informativos_DDI_proteccion_datos_personales_Encuentro_Anual_Costa_Rica_2018_Diciembre-2018.html" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/boletines_informativos_DDI_proteccion_datos_personales_Encuentro_Anual_Costa_Rica_2018_Diciembre-2018.html</a>.</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_21" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">21</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0021" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See more about Chile´s Constitutional amendment in: <a href="https://iapp.org/news/a/personal-data-protection-is-a-constitutional-right-in-chile/" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://iapp.org/news/a/personal-data-protection-is-a-constitutional-right-in-chile/</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_22" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">22</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0022" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See Joint press statement by Commissioner Věra Jourová and Felipe Larraín Bascuñán, Minister of Finance, and Hernán Larraín Fernández, Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Chile on cooperation on data protection: <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_19_4029" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_19_4029</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_23" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">23</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0023" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See list of members of the the Ibero-American Data Protection Network in: <a href="https://www.redipd.org/es/la-red/entidades-acreditadas" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.redipd.org/es/la-red/entidades-acreditadas</a></p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_24" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">24</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0024" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">Anu Bradford, <em style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Brussels Effect</em>, 153 <span class="small-caps" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nw. U.L. Rev.</span> 1 (2012).</p></dd></dl><dl class="footnote" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><dt class="footnote-label" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 9.75px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364920301217#bcit_25" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;">25</a></span></dt><dd class="u-margin-xxl-left" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 48px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p id="notep0025" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;">See the Standards for Data Protection for the Ibero-American States in: <a href="https://www.redipd.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Estandares_Esp_Con_logo_RIPD.pdf" rel="noreferrer noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c7dbb; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; word-break: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www.redipd.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Estandares_Esp_Con_logo_RIPD.pdf</a></p></dd></dl></div>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-71011092687657782052020-09-29T08:36:00.001-07:002020-10-25T08:36:36.958-07:00"Access to Information implementation and Crisis Resolution during COVID...<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EFcxajC8utI" frameborder="0"></iframe>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-19342392947888949642020-09-28T07:16:00.018-07:002020-10-25T07:33:36.987-07:00El ejercicio de derechos en contextos de excepción<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.7em; margin-block-end: 0px; margin-block-start: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">El 28 de septiembre se conmemora a nivel mundial el Día del Derecho a Saber y es la fecha en la cual <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">la Agencia de Acceso a la Información Pública celebra un nuevo aniversario de su puesta en funcionamiento</span>. Pero este año nos toca hacer un balance de lo logrado y una proyección de lo que queremos realizar en el marco de una situación inaudita: la pandemia del COVID-19 alteró todos los planes y nos sumergió en una emergencia sanitaria que aún no sabemos cuándo concluirá.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Esta emergencia trajo aparejados innumerables debates en torno al efectivo ejercicio de derechos humanos que son vitales, como es el acceso a la información pública y la protección de los datos personales, así como su garantía por parte de distintas instancias del Estado. En consecuencia, desde la Agencia publicamos en el mes de abril la Resolución 70/2020, que exceptúa de la suspensión de los plazos administrativos a los trámites vinculados a la Ley 27.275 de Acceso a la Información Pública y la Ley 25.326 de Protección de Datos Personales, ya que entendemos que <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">el pleno ejercicio de estos derechos resulta fundamental en este contexto de excepción.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Entre los meses de enero y agosto de 2020, la Administración Pública Nacional recibió 2.990 solicitudes de acceso a la información pública, mientras que ante la Agencia se presentaron 194 reclamos. Además realizamos nueve encuentros con los Responsables de Acceso a la Información Pública de los distintos sujetos obligados, en su mayoría en formato virtual, lo que nos permitió seguir garantizando el derecho de acceso a la información pública por parte de la ciudadanía. También convocamos en el mes de junio a una sesión virtual del Consejo Federal para la Transparencia, órgano constituido por un representante de cada una de las provincias y un representante de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, cuyo fin es la cooperación técnica entre las distintas jurisdicciones y la concertación de políticas en materia de transparencia y acceso a la información pública. En ese marco pudimos conocer a los nuevos miembros y avanzar en la elaboración de diagnósticos de las realidades provinciales, de cara a la próxima reunión a celebrarse a finales de septiembre.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Por otra parte, en el mismo período del 2020 se realizaron ante la Agencia 149 denuncias por incumplimientos a la Ley de Protección de Datos Personales y 34 consultas de diversos organismos, iniciamos seis investigaciones de oficio e impusimos 14 sanciones. Asimismo, publicamos guías con recomendaciones sobre tratamiento de datos personales ante casos de coronavirus, en el uso de herramientas de geolocalización para el seguimiento de contactos y en el registro de temperatura corporal. Adicionalmente, <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">desarrollamos contenido sobre la protección de datos personales en operaciones online y videollamadas, el cuidado de la privacidad en la niñez y el derecho de acceso a las historias clínicas.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Estos tres años recorridos por parte de la Agencia nos encuentra, entonces, como un organismo nuevo pero consolidado, referente a nivel nacional e internacional en materia de acceso a la información pública y protección de datos personales, que a pesar de las dificultades propias del contexto que nos toca hoy atravesar hemos podido llevar adelante una tarea enorme y, desde cada uno de nuestros hogares, <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">continuar trabajando para que estos derechos no sean meramente una declamación, sino que estén llenos de vitalidad.</span></div></span></div>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-3430824050261561922020-08-24T07:58:00.000-07:002020-10-25T08:05:41.718-07:00Privacidad y transparencia en el plano internacional<iframe style="background-image:url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xXUuww78m6Y/hqdefault.jpg)" width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xXUuww78m6Y" frameborder="0"></iframe>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-63886241214260143282020-08-17T08:04:00.001-07:002020-10-25T08:04:54.859-07:00¿Cuál es la situación del acceso a la información pública en Argentina?<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ikUbskEY9e4" frameborder="0"></iframe>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-41444925748877509122020-08-10T07:56:00.000-07:002020-10-25T08:05:15.188-07:00¿De qué trata el caso Schrems II y qué cambios generó en la protección d...<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cOwDN2Op5Wk" frameborder="0"></iframe>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8349621207987488139.post-38151503952570226942020-08-03T08:00:00.000-07:002020-10-25T08:03:14.928-07:00Panorama de la protección de datos personales en la Argentina<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3eTAq18YUds" frameborder="0"></iframe>Eduardo Bertonihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11383729180581635739noreply@blogger.com0