Etiquetas
9/5/22
Journalism and Whistleblowing
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
14/3/22
Guerra y Periodismo
Nota originalmente publicada en El Pais, Uruguay el 13 de marzo de 2022
Lamentablemente la humanidad se enfrenta a una guerra cuyas consecuencias no podemos predecir. Al decir de Thomas Friedman, lo novedoso es que esta vez nos enteramos de muchas de las atrocidades del conflicto sin filtro y gracias a las redes sociales y al acceso a Internet. Sin embargo, ello no debe menospreciar el trabajo del periodismo de guerra para cubrir los acontecimientos allí donde suceden.
Miles de periodistas se han trasladado, con valentía, al lugar donde los misiles y las balas les pasan demasiado cerca. Una de las tareas que más valoramos es, aún en esas condiciones, el levantamiento de testimonios de quienes intervienen, de una lado y del otro tanto como víctimas como victimarios.
Muchos de esos testimonios, a no dudarlo, son posibles porque el periodismo se transforma en la única fuente confiable para denunciar violaciones a los derechos humanos o al derecho internacional humanitario. Pero esa confianza se destruiría a la velocidad del rayo si los periodistas estuvieran obligados a dar las fuentes de información de lo que publican.
Sobre esta cuestión, hace 20 años, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Ex Yugoslavia, en la apelación de una decisión por la que se había decidido citar a un periodista corresponsal de guerra con el objeto de testificar por un artículo que había publicado.
Jonathan Randall se desempeñaba como corresponsal del Washington Post en Yugoslavia. El 11 de febrero de 1993, el Washington Post publicó un artículo de Randall que contenía declaraciones atribuidas a Radislav Brdjanin, un de los acusado por crímenes contra la humanidad y violaciones graves de las Convenciones de Ginebra de 1949 que involucraban la deportación, traslado forzoso y apropiación de bienes durante el conflicto armado en la Ex-Yugoslavia.
El artículo mencionaba que Brdjanin había afirmado que las autoridades serbias prestaron “demasiada atención a los derechos humanos” en un esfuerzo por complacer a los gobiernos europeos y que “[n]o tenemos que demostrarle nada más a Europa. Vamos a defender nuestras fronteras a toda costa. . . y donde sea que estén nuestras botas militares, esa es la situación”. Además, el artículo sostenía que Brdjanin dijo que estaba preparando leyes para expulsar a los no serbios de las viviendas del gobierno para dar cabida a los serbios.
Randall, que no hablaba serbocroata, realizó la entrevista con la ayuda de otro periodista, que sí habla serbocroata.
Durante el juicio a Brdjanin, la fiscalía solicitó que se admitiera el articulo publicado en el diario como prueba, alegando que era relevante para establecer que la intencionalidad del acusado por los delitos imputados.
La defensa se opuso por varios motivos, incluido que las declaraciones atribuidas a Brdjanin no se publicaron con precisión. La defensa consideró que, si se admitiera el artículo, buscarían interrogar Randall para cuestionar la exactitud de las citas mencionadas anteriormente.
Así las cosas, la Fiscalía solicitó que la Sala de Primera Instancia del Tribunal citara a Randall y ello fue admitido. Posteriormente la Fiscalía informó a la Sala que el Randall se había negado a cumplir con la citación sobre la base de que se debía reconocer la protección de fuentes confidenciales por lo que la citación era improcedente La Sala no aceptó ese argumento y ello fue apelado.
Finalmente, la Sala de Apelaciones consideró que la citación a un corresponsal de guerra era inadmisible bajo argumentos vinculados con el riesgo que ocasionaba una citación para el trabajo de la prensa en situaciones de conflicto, especialmente porque las fuentes se podrían sentir limitadas a prestar testimonios si sabían que un periodista podía revelar su identidad ante un llamado de los tribunales.
Este fundamento se extrapola a casos de periodistas que cubren otros asuntos que suceden en contextos de paz, pero la razón es siempre la misma: la protección del periodista para que no revela las fuentes es importante para dar confianza a la propia fuente para que pueda hablar sin temor.
Es por esa importancia que ya en el año 2000, la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, al aprobar la Declaración de Principios sobre Libertad de Expresión, incluyó con claridad (art. 8) que todo comunicador social tiene derecho a la reserva de sus fuentes de información, apuntes y archivos personales y profesionales.
En resumen: existen estándares internacionales que impiden que los periodistas sean obligados a revelar sus fuentes. Cuando los operadores judiciales o las fuerzas de seguridad citan o ejercen actos para que los periodistas revelen sus fuentes de información, generan una tensión que no solo erosiona la relación entre la prensa y el sistema de justicia, sino que, de consolidarse esa mala práctica, se daña la posibilidad para que la población conozca cuestiones que de otra manera no hubieran podido ser conocidas.
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
20/11/15
Prevent and Punish. In search of solutions to fight violence against journalists.
This paper
serves as an overview of the global pattern of crimes committed against media
workers, the impunity connected with such acts, and the steps both the
international community and individual states have taken to confront the
situation.
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
31/10/13
Argentina Supreme Court Protects Online Reposting Intermediary Liability Doctrine: Same Wine in New Bottle?
Like other Latin American countries, Argentina does not have specific laws governing liability for online intermediaries for third party posted content. The absence of specific laws on intermediary liability has become particularly problematic in defamation and invasion of privacy cases, with judges applying laws passed in an era when the Internet was not even imagined. In some cases, judges have ordered intermediaries to pay damages for third party content, but other cases have held the opposite.
A recent decision from the Argentina Supreme Court may provide some help. The Court applied an old doctrine to decide that an intermediary should not be liable. Sujarchuk Ariel Bernardo c/Warley Jorge Alberto s/daños y perjuicios” –SC, S.755, L.XLVI.
Background
The facts of the case are simple. The defendant, Mr. Warley, posted on his blog an article written by another person. The article, according to the plaintiff Mr. Sujarchuk harmed his reputation and he claimed for damages against Mr. Warley, who, besides posting the article, added as a title to the post containing the word “sinister” which was not in the original article.
Plaintiff won the case at the First Instance Judge and also at the Court of Appeal. However, the Argentinean Supreme Court reversed the decision, applying the doctrine known as “Campillay” (Fallos 308:789). The name of the doctrine came from a case decided in the 1980s, and the holding relevant for the “Sujarchuk” case is: a journalist or a publisher is not liable for the content published if he or she mentioned clearly the source from where the content is taken and also he or she has not contributed substantially to the content that was published.
The Supreme Court followed the arguments of the Attorney General when she gave her opinion in the case. After highlighting the importance of freedom of expression as a basic human right and its importance for democracy, the Attorney General cited the Campillay doctrine and noted that in the instant case the content of the article at issue was not written by the defendant but only posted to his blog.
Regarding the title created by the defendant, the Attorney General considered that this didn’t change substantially what the article itself said, so it did not defeat the Campillay doctrine: defendant merely reproduced content written by a third party and identified the source.
The Sujarchuk case could have a great impact in a decision pending before the Supreme Court where the intermediaries are not bloggers but important search engines (Google and Yahoo). Though the case “Da Cunha Virginia c/Yahoo de Argentina SRL y Otro s/ daños y perjuicios” –S.C., D.544, L.XLVI.- is not decided yet, the Attorney General in her opinion of the case noted that the “Campillay” doctrine is applicable in cases where the search engines only indicate the place where information is available on the Internet.
As I said at the beginning, in Argentina we don´t have legislation like Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act or the DMCA. However, there is strong advocacy in Argentina to clarify and to modernize the law in the country. However, in the meantime, an old doctrine may provide a safe harbor for intermediaries. In other words, some Judges understood that some old wine may fit in a new bottle.
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
2/9/13
El 12
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
31/10/12
Tres historias
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
30/9/12
Efecto para la libertad de expresión de la reforma al Código Penal Argentino en delitos contra el honor
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
12/8/12
Sobre ética y periodismo
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
2/2/10
Journalism in Latin America: Who Should Pay the Bill?
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| Latin American countries need good quality journalism to protect, consolidate, and strengthen democracy. Historically associated to investigative journalists working for newspapers, good quality journalism is expensive and now faces serious challenges due to the unprecedented financial crisis affecting newspapers worldwide. If we agree that democracies need good journalism, somebody needs to pay the bill. The only realistic -- and unfortunately very risky -- means for newspapers' survival is to receive help from the state. None of the other options, including that readers pay for their papers, private advertisement, and revenues from an endowment, will work in Latin America. There has been an increase in the circulation of paid newspapers in several countries. Almost 2 billion people around the world read paid newspapers every day. However, revenues coming from subscriptions or daily payments are not enough to ensure papers' financial sustainability. Private advertisement has been falling dramatically. According to the World Association of Newspapers, only from 2008 to 2009, newspaper advertisement revenues dropped 21% in North America, 16% in Western Europe, and 6% in Latin America. This trend, which began some years ago, will continue while newspaper advertisement moves to the Internet, and the numbers of web advertisement continue to increase. The idea to transform newspaper companies into some sort of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that would be supported by the revenues from a wealthy endowment will not work in Latin America. Such structure is possible in countries where a substantial group of people is willing to donate funds for this sort of projects, and where there are clear and predictable legal frameworks that allow for secure investments in a financial system such as a stock market. It is unlikely that this combination would exist in Latin America. But even if it did, the recent world financial crisis shows that this model is very risky. Many Latin American newspapers have been historically supported by state funds, specifically through public advertisements. But when a state pays for public advertisement, it is not promoting a public policy to ensure independent journalism -- it is simply paying the media to publish information that it believes should be in the public domain. In addition, a major problem with public advertisement, in practice, is that public officials in Latin America have typically allocated it in a discriminatory fashion, as an indirect sanction to papers with an editorial line critical of the government. So how should Latin American governments pay the bill? The focus should not be on allocating public advertisement, even if it is done in a transparent and non-discriminatory way. Governments must adopt clear public policies to strengthen democracies by, for example, granting subsidies and tax benefits in favor of newspapers. Clearly, the experience regarding how Latin American states have allocated public advertisement should serve as a model -- of what should not be done when drafting and implementing these new, necessary policies. |
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
14/9/05
Imprisoned journalists in Cuba . . . and the United State
http://www.miami.com
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
3/3/05
Press freedoms are under attack
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http://www.miami.com
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).
26/12/04
Media, not the state, should enforce `media responsibility'
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http://www.miami.com
en Twitter @ebertoni. Eduardo Bertoni (Phd, Buenos Aires University) is currently the Director of the Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law, at the Washington College of Law, American University. Former Representative of the Regional Office for South America of the Inter American Institute of Human Rights. He was the first Director of the Access to Public Information Agency (AAIP) wich is the Argentine Data Protection Authority. He was the founder and first Executive Director of the Center for Studies on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information (CELE) at Palermo University School of Law, Argentina. Before returning to Argentina in 2009, he was the Executive Director of the Due Process of Law Foundation (DPLF) until May, 2006. Previously, he was the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights at the Organization of American States (2002-2005).


